Can Lyme Disease Cause Autism?

Unraveling the Potential Connections and Clarifying Misconceptions

Recent research indicates intriguing links between Lyme disease, caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While current scientific evidence does not conclusively establish Lyme disease as a direct cause of autism, there are notable overlaps in symptoms and underlying mechanisms that merit closer examination. This article explores the research findings, possible biological mechanisms, and addresses common misconceptions regarding the influence of Lyme disease on autism development, diagnosis, and treatment.

Prevalence of Infectious Agents in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research indicates a notable connection between infectious agents, particularly Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies suggest that approximately 20-30% of children diagnosed with ASD test positive for Lyme disease, highlighting a potential link between infection and neurodevelopmental conditions. Borrelia burgdorferi can be transmitted through tick bites and can also pass from mother to fetus during pregnancy, raising concerns about prenatal infection risks.

In children with ASD who are positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, evidence shows that around 68% also harbor co-infections with other pathogens such as Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia. These co-infections may complicate the clinical picture, contributing to persistent or exacerbated symptoms.

Lyme disease symptoms can mimic or amplify ASD signs, including neurological and behavioral issues. It often presents with migration and come-and-go symptoms—neurological disturbances like mood swings, irritability, personality changes, and cognitive difficulties. As the infection persists, these symptoms can intensify, affecting cognition, speech, motor skills, and emotional regulation.

Some small-scale studies and anecdotal reports have documented improvements in autistic behaviors following treatment for Lyme disease. Children treated with antibiotics or other therapies sometimes show reductions in speech delays, repetitive behaviors, and improvements in eye contact—indicating that infection may influence ASD symptoms.

This overlap suggests that in Lyme-endemic areas, children diagnosed with autism should be evaluated for Lyme disease and related co-infections. Identifying and treating underlying infections could potentially mitigate some ASD-related symptoms and improve quality of life.

Furthermore, the presence of infections like Mycoplasma has been linked to a significant percentage of ASD cases—up to 58% according to preliminary data—implying an infectious component in some neurodevelopmental disorders.

Research underscores the importance of understanding how infections might influence autism development. Maternal immune responses, involving inflammatory cytokines and maternal antibodies during pregnancy, may also disrupt fetal brain development, adding to the complex etiology of ASD.

In summary, the evidence points toward a noteworthy prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and other pathogens in individuals with ASD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive testing and consideration of infectious causes in autism evaluations.

Role of Infections in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

How might chronic infections like Lyme disease influence autism development?

Research indicates that infections such as Lyme disease, caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, may have a role in the development or exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies show that about 20-30% of children diagnosed with autism also test positive for Lyme disease, suggesting a possible connection.

Lyme disease can cause neurological and psychological issues, including mood swings, irritability, cognitive difficulties, and sensory hypersensitivity. These symptoms sometimes resemble or intensify autistic traits. Furthermore, evidence points to a high prevalence of co-infections such as Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia among individuals with ASD, which could collectively impact neurodevelopment.

Chronic infections may influence autism by provoking immune responses—such as sustained inflammation—that interfere with normal brain development. The bacteria may disrupt neural pathways directly or through immune-mediated mechanisms, potentially leading to behavioral and developmental challenges associated with ASD.

Small studies and case reports suggest that targeted treatment of Lyme infection in children with ASD might lead to improvements in some symptoms, including speech delays and repetitive behaviors. While more extensive research is necessary, these findings highlight a potential infectious component in some cases of autism.

Impact of maternal immune responses to infections during pregnancy

Maternal immune activation against infections like Lyme disease during pregnancy could significantly affect fetal brain development. When an expectant mother’s immune system reacts to infection, inflammatory cytokines and maternal antibodies may cross the placental barrier, potentially disrupting normal neural development in the fetus.

This immune response can create an environment of increased inflammation, which has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including higher risk for ASD. Maternal exposure to infections and the subsequent immune activation are hypothesized to contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasizing the importance of managing infections during pregnancy.

In summary, infections like Lyme disease may influence autism risk both directly through infection-related neurological effects and indirectly via maternal immune responses. Ongoing research aims to clarify these pathways and explore potential preventative strategies.

Aspect	Effect	Additional Details
Chronic infections	Possible contribution to ASD	Can provoke immune responses and neuroinflammation
Maternal immune response	Risk factor for fetal neurodevelopment	Involves cytokines and maternal antibodies crossing to fetal brain

Understanding the connection between infections and neurodevelopmental disorders opens avenues for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, underscoring the importance of managing infections proactively.

Symptom Overlap and Misdiagnosis Risks

What are the mental effects of Lyme disease?

Lyme disease, caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, often presents neurological and psychological symptoms that can easily be mistaken for other conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals affected by Lyme disease may experience mood swings, irritability, and personality changes. Anxiety and depression are common, and some may also exhibit obsessive-compulsive behaviors and disturbed sleep patterns. Cognitive issues such as difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and general mental fog are frequently reported. These symptoms can fluctuate, sometimes appearing and disappearing, making diagnosis challenging.

Similarities in symptoms between Lyme disease and ASD, like irritability, anxiety, and sensory sensitivities.

There is considerable overlap in symptoms seen in Lyme disease and ASD. Both conditions can involve heightened irritability and anxiety, which can manifest as emotional outbursts or difficulty regulating moods. Sensory hypersensitivity, where individuals become overwhelmed by sounds, lights, or textures, is another shared feature. Cognitive problems such as difficulty with focus, learning, and memory are common in both. Additionally, behaviors like repetitive movements, sleep disturbances, and social withdrawal can appear in Lyme disease cases mimicking ASD behaviors.

This symptom similarity can complicate clinical assessments, especially in areas where Lyme disease is prevalent. Because the neurological and psychological features overlap, distinguishing between an infectious process like Lyme and an intrinsic neurodevelopmental disorder such as autism can be quite challenging.

Potential for misdiagnosing Lyme disease symptoms as autism or vice versa.

Misdiagnosis is a significant concern due to the overlapping symptoms. Children presenting with irritability, cognitive issues, and sensory sensitivities might be labeled as having ASD when, in fact, an underlying Lyme infection is contributing to their condition. Conversely, children diagnosed with ASD in Lyme-endemic regions might actually be suffering from or also affected by Lyme disease.

The difficulty arises because Lyme disease symptoms can be migratory and intermittent, with neurological and psychological effects that resemble many features of ASD. This mimicry can lead healthcare providers to overlook infectious causes or misattribute symptoms solely to neurodevelopmental reasons.

Accurate diagnosis relies on thorough testing for Lyme disease, especially in children with ASD-like behaviors living in areas where Lyme is common. Blood and urine tests for Lyme bacteria, along with assessment for co-infections like Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia, should be considered. Early detection and treatment of Lyme disease may improve symptoms and avoid unnecessary labels and interventions.

In summary, recognizing the symptom overlap between Lyme disease and ASD highlights the importance of considering infectious causes in neurodevelopmental assessments. There is a pressing need for increased awareness and comprehensive diagnostic strategies to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate treatment.

| Condition | Common Symptoms | Overlap in Features | Diagnostic Challenges | |------------|-----------------|----------------)--|---------------------------| | Lyme Disease | Mood swings, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbance, cognitive issues | Similar to ASD, especially sensory sensitivities and behavioral changes | Symptoms fluctuate, mimic neurodevelopmental traits | | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Sensory hypersensitivity, irritability, social challenges, repetitive behaviors | Can be caused or exacerbated by infections like Lyme | Overlapping symptoms lead to misdiagnosis | | Co-infections (Mycoplasma, Bartonella, etc.) | Various neurological and immune symptoms | Add to symptom complexity, mimic or intensify ASD features | Require detailed testing for accurate diagnosis |

Understanding these overlaps and challenges emphasizes the need for a nuanced approach when diagnosing children with symptoms common to both Lyme disease and ASD, ensuring they receive the correct treatment and support.

Impacts of Tick-Borne Infections and Treatment Outcomes

How do tick-borne infections, including Lyme disease and co-infections, affect neurobehavioral health?

Tick-borne diseases, particularly Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, have been linked to a broad spectrum of neurological and psychological issues. The bacteria can lead to symptoms like mood swings, irritability, personality changes, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, disturbed sleep, and cognitive difficulties. These symptoms may arise because the bacteria invade the nervous system or provoke immune responses that cause inflammation.

Research indicates that approximately 25% of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Moreover, among those with ASD who test positive for Lyme disease, at least 68% have co-infections such as Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia. These co-infections can further complicate neurobehavioral health, potentially aggravating symptoms like irritability, sensory hypersensitivity, and cognitive delays.

Lyme disease can present with migratory and episodic symptoms, reflecting its ability to affect various neurological pathways intermittently. This can mimic or exacerbate behaviors associated with ASD, leading some to consider that infections may contribute to or worsen neurodevelopmental conditions. In children living in Lyme-endemic areas, it is advisable to screen for Lyme disease when ASD symptoms are present, as misdiagnosis or untreated infections might be influencing developmental challenges.

Can Lyme disease influence autism spectrum disorder or cause autism?

There is growing evidence suggesting that infections like Lyme disease could play a role in the development or manifestation of autism spectrum disorder. Chronic infections including Borrelia burgdorferi are believed to contribute to ASD by provoking immune responses, inflammation, and neurodevelopmental disruptions. During pregnancy, maternal immune reactions to infections, featuring inflammatory cytokines and maternal antibodies, may also adversely impact fetal brain development, increasing the risk of ASD.

Approximately 20-30% of children with ASD test positive for Lyme borreliosis, and some preliminary data suggest that pathogenic Mycoplasma may contribute to 58% of such cases. These findings highlight the potential of infections to influence neurodevelopment, either directly or through immune-mediated pathways.

Which neurological disorders can Lyme disease cause?

Lyme disease can trigger a range of neurological problems, often termed neuroborreliosis. These include cognitive impairments, speech difficulties, motor skill deficits, and broader neuropsychological issues such as mood disturbances and personality changes. The bacteria's ability to migrate within the nervous system leads to symptoms that can come and go, making diagnosis challenging.

Overall, the evidence indicates that Lyme disease and co-infections could be underlying factors in some cases of neurobehavioral disorders, including autism spectrum disorder. Understanding this connection can improve diagnostic accuracy and open avenues for targeted treatment.

What are the outcomes after treating Lyme disease in children with ASD?

Some small studies and anecdotal reports suggest that treating Lyme disease in children diagnosed with ASD can lead to improvements in certain symptoms. Children receiving appropriate antibiotic therapy have experienced reductions in speech delays, repetitive behaviors, and enhanced eye contact. These improvements support the hypothesis that infections, especially tick-borne pathogens, might be contributing to behavioral and developmental challenges.

Furthermore, successful infection management may not only alleviate direct symptoms of Lyme disease but also ameliorate some ASD-like behaviors, possibly by reducing neuroinflammation or bacterial load.

Understanding the potential benefits of treating Lyme and co-infections during childhood emphasizes the importance of thorough screening in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in regions where tick-borne infections are common.

Presenting Data and Summary

Aspect	Information	Additional Details
Prevalence of Borrelia in ASD	About 25%	Based on studies indicating high infection rates
Co-infections in Bb-positive ASD	At least 68%	Includes Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Babesia
Symptoms caused by Lyme	Mood swings, irritability, cognitive issues	Neuro and psychological effects
Treatment effects in ASD	Improvement in behaviors	Small studies and case reports
Transmission routes	Tick bites, maternal transfer	Highlights importance of early detection
Relation to neurodevelopment	Infections may contribute to ASD	Potential immune and inflammation pathways

This overview illustrates how tick-borne infections, especially Lyme disease, may influence the neurobehavioral spectrum and underscores the importance of considering these factors in diagnosis and treatment planning.

The Significance of Maternal Infections and Immune Response

How maternal immune activation during pregnancy may impact fetal neurodevelopment

Research indicates that maternal immune activation, often due to infections during pregnancy, can significantly influence the development of the fetal brain. When the mother's immune system responds to infections like Lyme disease, it releases inflammatory substances such as cytokines. These molecules can cross the placental barrier, reaching the developing fetus and potentially disrupting normal neurodevelopment.

Infections like Borrelia burgdorferi, responsible for Lyme disease, are of particular concern because they provoke immune responses that may have downstream effects on fetal growth and brain development. Studies have shown that elevated maternal cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17, are associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is hypothesized that, during critical periods of brain formation, heightened maternal inflammation may lead to altered neural connectivity, synapse formation, and neurochemical balances.

Furthermore, maternal immune activation can induce the production of maternal antibodies that target fetal tissues, including the developing brain. These immune factors may interfere with normal developmental processes, potentially resulting in neurobehavioral deficits observed in ASD.

The role of inflammatory cytokines and maternal antibodies in increasing ASD risk

Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate immune responses and inflammation. During infections like Lyme disease, levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α are elevated. These inflammatory signals can impact fetal brain development by promoting neuroinflammation, altering neural proliferation, and affecting synaptic pruning.

In addition, maternal antibodies generated in response to infections may cross the placenta and bind to fetal neural tissue. Some studies suggest that these autoantibodies can interfere with neural development, further increasing the risk for ASD.

Evidence from animal models supports this mechanism, showing that maternal immune activation leads to behavioral phenotypes resembling autism in offspring. Such findings emphasize that maternal infection-induced immune responses, rather than the pathogen itself, may play a crucial role in increasing ASD susceptibility.

Can Lyme disease influence autism spectrum disorder or cause autism?

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Lyme disease can mimic or worsen autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Studies report that approximately 20-30% of children with ASD test positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, indicating a possible link between infection and neurodevelopmental symptoms.

Infected children often present neurological and psychological issues—such as mood swings, irritability, anxiety, sensory hypersensitivity, and cognitive problems—that resemble or exacerbate ASD traits.

In some cases, treating Lyme disease in children diagnosed with ASD has led to improvements in specific symptoms like speech delays, repetitive behaviors, and social engagement. These findings imply that infections like Lyme disease may either contribute to the onset of ASD or intensify existing symptoms.

Furthermore, maternal Lyme infection during pregnancy might influence fetal brain development, increasing ASD risk in offspring. This highlights the importance of screening for tick-borne diseases, especially in Lyme-endemic areas, in children presenting with ASD.

In conclusion, infections such as Lyme disease and the immune responses they trigger appear to have a significant role in neurodevelopmental outcomes. Addressing maternal infections, immune activation, and potential co-infections could be vital in preventing or mitigating ASD development.

Topic	Impact	Additional Notes
Maternal infection during pregnancy	Increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments	Especially with cytokine elevation and antibody transfer
Lyme disease in children	Symptom mimicry and worsening of ASD	Potentially treatable with antibiotics
Coinfections like Mycoplasma, Bartonella	High prevalence in ASD cases	May contribute to immune dysregulation
Immune system response	Autism risk via cytokine and antibody pathways	Interventions targeting immune response could help

This information underscores the complex relationship between maternal infections, immune mechanisms, and neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasizing a need for further research and personalized treatment approaches.

Research, Anecdotal Evidence, and Future Directions

Emerging studies and preliminary data on Lyme infection prevalence in children with ASD

Recent research indicates that about 20-30% of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) test positive for Lyme disease, caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. Further, approximately 25% of individuals with ASD show evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection.

Many of these children also harbor co-infections; in those with both ASD and Lyme disease, at least 68% have additional infections such as Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Babesia. This high prevalence suggests a potential link between tick-borne infections and some cases of ASD.

Preliminary data and hypotheses also propose that chronic infections, including Borrelia burgdorferi, may contribute to the development of autism by provoking immune responses, inflammatory processes, and disruptions in neurodevelopment. Maternal immune reactions to infections, involving inflammatory cytokines and maternal antibodies, are also thought to potentially impact fetal brain development adversely.

Anecdotal reports of symptom improvement post-treatment

There are numerous anecdotal reports where children with ASD experienced noticeable improvements following treatment for tick-borne diseases. Some children, after receiving antibiotics targeting Lyme disease, have shown reductions in autistic symptoms such as speech delays, repetitive behaviors, and overall social engagement.

One case detailed by a researcher involves a boy diagnosed with high-functioning autism at age 3, who was later diagnosed with Lyme disease at ages 5 and 9. After targeted treatments, there were reports of decreased irritability, improved communication, and better eye contact.

Although these observations are promising, they are anecdotal and require further scientific validation. Nonetheless, they suggest that some cases of ASD may be influenced by, or exacerbated through, infections like Lyme disease.

How can Lyme disease and autism symptoms be distinguished, and what are the treatment options?

Lyme disease symptoms can include neurological and psychological issues such as mood swings, irritability, personality changes, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, disturbed sleep, and cognitive challenges. These symptoms often migrate and fluctuate, making diagnosis challenging.

In contrast, autism spectrum disorder involves persistent developmental differences, primarily affecting communication and social interaction, with repetitive behaviors being a core feature.

However, because Lyme disease can mimic or worsen ASD symptoms, testing becomes crucial, especially in Lyme-endemic areas. Blood and urine tests are standard methods for diagnosing Lyme disease.

Treatments primarily involve antibiotics, which can eradicate the bacteria and potentially lead to symptom improvement. Small studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that treating Lyme disease in children with ASD might decrease some autistic features, especially if caught early.

The distinction between autoimmune and infectious causes remains complex, emphasizing the importance of a thorough medical evaluation for children presenting with ASD symptoms, particularly if they are in areas with high Lyme disease prevalence.

Future research directions

Future research should focus on larger, controlled studies to determine the prevalence of Lyme and other tick-borne infections in children with ASD. Investigating the immune responses involved could provide insights into the pathological mechanisms.

In addition, exploring the efficacy of antibiotic or antiparasitic treatments in ASD, especially in cases with confirmed infections, might lead to new treatment paradigms. Long-term studies are necessary to assess whether early detection and treatment of infections can alter the course of ASD.

In conclusion, emerging evidence points towards a significant association between Lyme disease and autism, highlighting the importance of considering infectious causes in the diagnosis and management of ASD. As research progresses, personalized treatment approaches integrating infection control could become integral to ASD care.

Aspect	Details	Additional Notes
Prevalence in ASD	20-30% test positive for Lyme; 25% show evidence of infection	High co-infection rate; suggests possible causal link
Common co-infections	Mycoplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Babesia	Present in 68% of Bb-positive individuals
Symptoms caused by Lyme	Mood swings, irritability, personality changes, anxiety, sleep disturbance, cognitive issues	Mimics or worsens ASD symptoms
Diagnosis methods	Blood and urine testing	Essential for distinguishing Lyme from ASD alone
Treatment options	Antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline, amoxicillin)	Can potentially reduce symptoms if infection is cleared
Research needs	Larger studies, long-term follow-up, immune response analysis	To clarify causality and treatment effectiveness

Concluding Insights and Cautionary Notes

The importance of accurate diagnosis and avoiding misconceptions.

Accurate diagnosis is vital when considering the potential link between Lyme disease and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Misdiagnosis can lead to ineffective treatments and ongoing symptoms. Doctors should consider comprehensive testing for tick-borne illnesses like Lyme disease, especially in children who reside in or have traveled to endemic areas. It's essential to differentiate between ASD symptoms caused by neurological or developmental factors and those possibly influenced or mimicked by infections.

Avoiding misconceptions is equally important. While some studies and anecdotal reports suggest a connection between Lyme disease and ASD, the scientific community continues to research this complex relationship. Overstating this link without conclusive evidence could lead to unnecessary anxiety or treatments. All diagnoses should be made based on multiple criteria, including clinical history, lab testing, and careful evaluation.

The current state of scientific understanding regarding Lyme disease and autism.

Research indicates that a significant proportion of children diagnosed with ASD might also be infected with Lyme disease or related infections. Estimates suggest 20-30% of children on the autism spectrum test positive for Lyme borreliosis, and between 20-58% may have Mycoplasma infections contributing to their condition.

Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi is well-understood as a bacterial infection transmitted primarily through tick bites. Symptoms can be neurological and psychiatric, including mood swings, irritability, anxiety, personality changes, depression, obsessive behaviors, sleep disturbances, and cognitive issues. These symptoms often fluctuate and can be mistaken for or exacerbate ASD symptoms.

Research also indicates that Lyme disease can mimic autism, especially in children with neurological and behavioral symptoms. Treatment with antibiotics has shown promising results in some cases, alleviating signs like speech delays, repetitive behaviors, and social engagement challenges.

However, it remains essential for the scientific community to conduct large-scale, controlled studies to better understand causality and therapeutic outcomes. Current evidence supports considering infections as part of a comprehensive diagnostic process but urges caution against assumptions without clear clinical validation.

What are the mental effects of Lyme disease?

Lyme disease can produce a range of neurological and psychological issues. These include mood swings, irritability, personality changes, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, disturbed sleep patterns, and cognitive difficulties like memory and concentration problems. The symptoms can be intermittent or persistent and often worsen with stress or immune suppression.

What neurological disorders can Lyme disease cause?

The neurological impact of Lyme disease includes neurological and neuropsychiatric problems such as meningitis, encephalitis, nerve inflammation, cranial nerve palsies, and nerve pain. Cognitive impairments, speech difficulties, problems with motor skills, and alterations in personality are also reported. These neurological symptoms can closely resemble or exacerbate existing developmental disorders, questioning the importance of appropriate testing and treatment.

Topic	Details	Additional Insights
Prevalence in ASD	20-30% test positive for Lyme; 58% for Mycoplasma	Highlights the potential infectious contribution to ASD symptoms
Symptoms caused by Lyme	Mood swings, irritability, anxiety, cognitive issues	Emphasizes the neurological and psychological effects
Effect of treatment	Possible improvements in speech, behavior, eye contact	Indicates potential therapeutic avenues
Transmission pathways	Tick bites, mother-to-fetus during pregnancy	Highlights importance of prevention and early detection

Understanding the link between Lyme disease and autism is evolving. It underscores the need for vigilance in diagnosis, comprehensive testing, and cautious interpretation of symptom overlaps. While promising, further rigorous studies are necessary to confirm causality and define effective treatment protocols.

Understanding the Complex Interplay and Moving Forward

While the potential links between Lyme disease and autism spectrum disorder remain a subject of ongoing research, current evidence underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies. Recognizing symptom overlaps can aid clinicians in avoiding misdiagnosis, and further studies are essential to clarify whether infections like Lyme disease influence neurodevelopment. Patients and caregivers should seek comprehensive evaluations from healthcare professionals to ensure appropriate management. Continued research in this area holds promise for better understanding the intricate relationship between infections and neurodevelopmental disorders, ultimately enhancing prevention and intervention efforts.

References

• Is there a connection between autistic spectrum disorders and tick ...
• Mother's Autism and Lyme Disease Journey Fort Meyers FL
• Dig Deeper - Autism Spectrum Disorder and Infectious Diseases
• Can Lyme Disease Mimic Autism? - Nardella Clinic
• Dig Deeper - Autism Spectrum Disorder and Infectious Diseases
• Co-Morbidity of Lyme Disease, Bartonella, and Autism Spectrum ...
• Contracting Lyme Disease Now May Be Linked to Mental Health ...